运算符
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位运算符

位运算符允许对整型数中指定的位进行置位。如果左右参数都是字符串，则位运算符将操作字符的 ASCII 值。

<?php
echo 12 ^ 9; // 输出为 '5'

echo "12" ^ "9"; // 输出退格字符（ascii 8）
                    // ('1' (ascii 49)) ^ ('9' (ascii 57)) = #8

echo "hallo" ^ "hello"; // 输出 ascii 值 #0 #4 #0 #0 #0
                            // 'a' ^ 'e' = #4

echo 2 ^ "3"; // 输出 1
              // 2 ^ ((int)"3") == 1

echo "2" ^ 3; // 输出 1
              // ((int)"2") ^ 3 == 1                            
?>

位运算符
例子 名称 结果
$a & $b And（按位与） 将把 $a 和 $b 中都为 1 的位设为 1。
$a | $b Or（按位或） 将把 $a 或者 $b 中为 1 的位设为 1。
$a ^ $b Xor（按位异或） 将把 $a 和 $b 中不同的位设为 1。
~ $a Not（按位非） 将 $a 中为 0 的位设为 1，反之亦然。
$a << $b Shift left（左移） 将 $a 中的位向左移动 $b 次（每一次移动都表示“乘以 2”）。
$a >> $b Shift right（右移） 将 $a 中的位向右移动 $b 次（每一次移动都表示“除以 2”）。

Example #1 Bit shifting on integers

<?php
/*
 * Here are the examples.
 */

echo "\n--- BIT SHIFT RIGHT ON POSITIVE INTEGERS ---\n";

$val = 4;
$places = 1;
$res = $val >> $places;
p($res, $val, '>>', $places, 'copy of sign bit shifted into left side');

$val = 4;
$places = 2;
$res = $val >> $places;
p($res, $val, '>>', $places);

$val = 4;
$places = 3;
$res = $val >> $places;
p($res, $val, '>>', $places, 'bits shift out right side');

$val = 4;
$places = 4;
$res = $val >> $places;
p($res, $val, '>>', $places, 'same result as above; can not shift beyond 0');


echo "\n--- BIT SHIFT RIGHT ON NEGATIVE INTEGERS ---\n";

$val = -4;
$places = 1;
$res = $val >> $places;
p($res, $val, '>>', $places, 'copy of sign bit shifted into left side');

$val = -4;
$places = 2;
$res = $val >> $places;
p($res, $val, '>>', $places, 'bits shift out right side');

$val = -4;
$places = 3;
$res = $val >> $places;
p($res, $val, '>>', $places, 'same result as above; can not shift beyond -1');


echo "\n--- BIT SHIFT LEFT ON POSITIVE INTEGERS ---\n";

$val = 4;
$places = 1;
$res = $val << $places;
p($res, $val, '<<', $places, 'zeros fill in right side');

$val = 4;
$places = (PHP_INT_SIZE * 8) - 4;
$res = $val << $places;
p($res, $val, '<<', $places);

$val = 4;
$places = (PHP_INT_SIZE * 8) - 3;
$res = $val << $places;
p($res, $val, '<<', $places, 'sign bits get shifted out');

$val = 4;
$places = (PHP_INT_SIZE * 8) - 2;
$res = $val << $places;
p($res, $val, '<<', $places, 'bits shift out left side');


echo "\n--- BIT SHIFT LEFT ON NEGATIVE INTEGERS ---\n";

$val = -4;
$places = 1;
$res = $val << $places;
p($res, $val, '<<', $places, 'zeros fill in right side');

$val = -4;
$places = (PHP_INT_SIZE * 8) - 3;
$res = $val << $places;
p($res, $val, '<<', $places);

$val = -4;
$places = (PHP_INT_SIZE * 8) - 2;
$res = $val << $places;
p($res, $val, '<<', $places, 'bits shift out left side, including sign bit');


/*
 * Ignore this bottom section,
 * it is just formatting to make output clearer.
 */

function p($res, $val, $op, $places, $note = '') {
    $format = '%0' . (PHP_INT_SIZE * 8) . "b\n";

    printf("Expression: %d = %d %s %d\n", $res, $val, $op, $places);

    echo " Decimal:\n";
    printf("  val=%d\n", $val);
    printf("  res=%d\n", $res);

    echo " Binary:\n";
    printf('  val=' . $format, $val);
    printf('  res=' . $format, $res);

    if ($note) {
        echo " NOTE: $note\n";
    }

    echo "\n";
}
?>

以上例程在 32 位机器上的输出:


--- BIT SHIFT RIGHT ON POSITIVE INTEGERS ---
Expression: 2 = 4 >> 1
 Decimal:
  val=4
  res=2
 Binary:
  val=00000000000000000000000000000100
  res=00000000000000000000000000000010
 NOTE: copy of sign bit shifted into left side

Expression: 1 = 4 >> 2
 Decimal:
  val=4
  res=1
 Binary:
  val=00000000000000000000000000000100
  res=00000000000000000000000000000001

Expression: 0 = 4 >> 3
 Decimal:
  val=4
  res=0
 Binary:
  val=00000000000000000000000000000100
  res=00000000000000000000000000000000
 NOTE: bits shift out right side

Expression: 0 = 4 >> 4
 Decimal:
  val=4
  res=0
 Binary:
  val=00000000000000000000000000000100
  res=00000000000000000000000000000000
 NOTE: same result as above; can not shift beyond 0


--- BIT SHIFT RIGHT ON NEGATIVE INTEGERS ---
Expression: -2 = -4 >> 1
 Decimal:
  val=-4
  res=-2
 Binary:
  val=11111111111111111111111111111100
  res=11111111111111111111111111111110
 NOTE: copy of sign bit shifted into left side

Expression: -1 = -4 >> 2
 Decimal:
  val=-4
  res=-1
 Binary:
  val=11111111111111111111111111111100
  res=11111111111111111111111111111111
 NOTE: bits shift out right side

Expression: -1 = -4 >> 3
 Decimal:
  val=-4
  res=-1
 Binary:
  val=11111111111111111111111111111100
  res=11111111111111111111111111111111
 NOTE: same result as above; can not shift beyond -1


--- BIT SHIFT LEFT ON POSITIVE INTEGERS ---
Expression: 8 = 4 << 1
 Decimal:
  val=4
  res=8
 Binary:
  val=00000000000000000000000000000100
  res=00000000000000000000000000001000
 NOTE: zeros fill in right side

Expression: 1073741824 = 4 << 28
 Decimal:
  val=4
  res=1073741824
 Binary:
  val=00000000000000000000000000000100
  res=01000000000000000000000000000000

Expression: -2147483648 = 4 << 29
 Decimal:
  val=4
  res=-2147483648
 Binary:
  val=00000000000000000000000000000100
  res=10000000000000000000000000000000
 NOTE: sign bits get shifted out

Expression: 0 = 4 << 30
 Decimal:
  val=4
  res=0
 Binary:
  val=00000000000000000000000000000100
  res=00000000000000000000000000000000
 NOTE: bits shift out left side


--- BIT SHIFT LEFT ON NEGATIVE INTEGERS ---
Expression: -8 = -4 << 1
 Decimal:
  val=-4
  res=-8
 Binary:
  val=11111111111111111111111111111100
  res=11111111111111111111111111111000
 NOTE: zeros fill in right side

Expression: -2147483648 = -4 << 29
 Decimal:
  val=-4
  res=-2147483648
 Binary:
  val=11111111111111111111111111111100
  res=10000000000000000000000000000000

Expression: 0 = -4 << 30
 Decimal:
  val=-4
  res=0
 Binary:
  val=11111111111111111111111111111100
  res=00000000000000000000000000000000
 NOTE: bits shift out left side, including sign bit

以上例程在 64 位机器上的输出:


--- BIT SHIFT RIGHT ON POSITIVE INTEGERS ---
Expression: 2 = 4 >> 1
 Decimal:
  val=4
  res=2
 Binary:
  val=0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100
  res=0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010
 NOTE: copy of sign bit shifted into left side

Expression: 1 = 4 >> 2
 Decimal:
  val=4
  res=1
 Binary:
  val=0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100
  res=0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001

Expression: 0 = 4 >> 3
 Decimal:
  val=4
  res=0
 Binary:
  val=0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100
  res=0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
 NOTE: bits shift out right side

Expression: 0 = 4 >> 4
 Decimal:
  val=4
  res=0
 Binary:
  val=0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100
  res=0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
 NOTE: same result as above; can not shift beyond 0


--- BIT SHIFT RIGHT ON NEGATIVE INTEGERS ---
Expression: -2 = -4 >> 1
 Decimal:
  val=-4
  res=-2
 Binary:
  val=1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111100
  res=1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111110
 NOTE: copy of sign bit shifted into left side

Expression: -1 = -4 >> 2
 Decimal:
  val=-4
  res=-1
 Binary:
  val=1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111100
  res=1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
 NOTE: bits shift out right side

Expression: -1 = -4 >> 3
 Decimal:
  val=-4
  res=-1
 Binary:
  val=1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111100
  res=1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
 NOTE: same result as above; can not shift beyond -1


--- BIT SHIFT LEFT ON POSITIVE INTEGERS ---
Expression: 8 = 4 << 1
 Decimal:
  val=4
  res=8
 Binary:
  val=0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100
  res=0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001000
 NOTE: zeros fill in right side

Expression: 4611686018427387904 = 4 << 60
 Decimal:
  val=4
  res=4611686018427387904
 Binary:
  val=0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100
  res=0100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000

Expression: -9223372036854775808 = 4 << 61
 Decimal:
  val=4
  res=-9223372036854775808
 Binary:
  val=0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100
  res=1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
 NOTE: sign bits get shifted out

Expression: 0 = 4 << 62
 Decimal:
  val=4
  res=0
 Binary:
  val=0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100
  res=0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
 NOTE: bits shift out left side


--- BIT SHIFT LEFT ON NEGATIVE INTEGERS ---
Expression: -8 = -4 << 1
 Decimal:
  val=-4
  res=-8
 Binary:
  val=1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111100
  res=1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111000
 NOTE: zeros fill in right side

Expression: -9223372036854775808 = -4 << 61
 Decimal:
  val=-4
  res=-9223372036854775808
 Binary:
  val=1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111100
  res=1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000

Expression: 0 = -4 << 62
 Decimal:
  val=-4
  res=0
 Binary:
  val=1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111100
  res=0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
 NOTE: bits shift out left side, including sign bit

Warning

在 32 位系统上不要右移超过 32 位。不要在结果可能超过 32 位的情况下左移。

运算符
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PHP手册 - N: 位运算符

用户评论:

Anonymous (12-Oct-2011 03:56)

To make very clear why ("18" & "32") is "10".
1) they they are both strings ,
2) "&" operator works on strings by taking each !Character! from each string and make a bit wise & between them and add this value to the resulting string

So:
"18" is made up of two characters: 0x31, 0x38
"32" is made up of two characters: 0x33, 0x32
----RESULT-----
0x31 & 0x33 = 0x31 => "1"
0x38 & 0x32 = 0x30 => "0"

and the result is "10" which is 100% correct.

spencer-p-moy at example dot com (18-Sep-2011 02:21)

The NOT or complement operator ( ~ ) and negative binary numbers can be confusing.

~2 = -3  because you use the formula  ~x = -x - 1  The bitwise complement of a decimal number is the negation of the number minus 1.

NOTE: just using 4 bits here for the examples below but in reality PHP uses 32 bits.

Converting a negative decimal number (ie: -3) into binary takes 3 steps:
1) convert the positive version of the decimal number into binary (ie: 3 = 0011)
2) flips the bits (ie: 0011 becomes 1100)
3) add 1 (ie: 1100  + 0001 = 1101)

You might be wondering how does 1101 = -3. Well PHP uses the method "2's complement" to render negative binary numbers. If the left most bit is a 1 then the binary number is negative and you flip the bits and add 1. If it is 0 then it is positive and you don't have to do anything. So 0010 would be a positive 2. If it is 1101, it is negative and you flip the bits to get 0010. Add 1 and you get 0011 which equals -3.

aba at example dot com (12-Aug-2011 01:07)

It is true that if both the left-hand and right-hand parameters are strings, the bitwise operator will operate on the characters' ASCII values. However, a complement is necessary to complete this sentence.
It is not irrelevant to point out that the decimal character's ASCII value have different binary values.

<?php
if (('18' & '32') == '10') {
    echo ord('18'); //return decimal value 49, which have binary value 110001
    echo ord('32'); //return decimal value 51, which have binary value 110011
    echo ord('10'); //return decimal value 49, which have binary value 110001
    //Therefore 110001 & 110011 = 110001
}
?>

Anonymous (31-Jul-2011 12:33)

Using stings will just use every byte of the string - which is for me not unexpected at all:
<?php
'18'& '32'== '10'
// ord( '1' )== 49, ord( '8' )== 56, ord( '3' )== 51, ord( '2' )== 50
// 49& 51== 49, 56& 50== 48
// chr( 49 )== '1', chr( 48 )== '0'
?>
You have to typecast each operand to the data type you're expecting.

ivoras at gmail dot com (06-Jun-2011 12:44)

As an additional curiosity, for some reason the result of the operation ("18" & "32") is "10". In other words, try avoiding using the binary operators on strings :)

josh at joshstrike dot com (12-Feb-2011 03:54)

More referencing this for myself than anything... if you need to iterate through every possible binary combination where $n number of flags are set to 1 in a mask of $bits length:

<?php
echo masksOf(3,10);

function masksOf($n,$bits) {
    $u = pow(2,$bits)-1; //start value, full flags on.
    $masks = array();
    while ($u>0) {
        $z = numflags($u);
        if ($z==$n) array_push($masks,$u);
        $u--;
    }
    return ($masks);   
}

function numflags($n) {
    $k = 0;
    while ($n) {
        $k += $n & 1;
        $n = $n >> 1;
    }
    return ($k);

//    alternately:
//    $u = 0;
//    for ($k=1;$k<=$n;$k*=2) {
//        $u+=($n&$k?1:0);
//    }
//    return ($u);
}
?>

amckenzie4 at gmail dot com (25-Aug-2010 04:19)

If, like me, you've never thought about how PHP deals with binary, the output of the bitwise NOT may confuse you.  For instance, this:

$bin = 2;
$notbin = ~$bin;

echo "Bin: " . decbin($bin) . "  !bin:  " . decbin($notbin) . "\n";

returns this:

Bin: 10  !bin:  1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111101

The reason is that all binary numbers are treated as 32 bits, even if you've manually entered less.  In order to get the result I expected (01), it was necessary to AND the result with the number of bits I wanted:  in this case, 2 (the number 3, in decimal).  Be aware that all return values will have zeros removed from the left until they reach a bit that is set to 1.  Continuing the above example, the following:

$notbin_2 = ~$bin & '3';
echo "!bin & 3:  " . decbin($notbin_2) . "\n";

returns this:

!bin & 3:  1

Note that the actual value was a string of 31 zeros followed by a 1, but the zeros were not shown.  This is probably a good thing.

Furthermore, the NOT operator uses two's complement, which means the number you get may be even stranger than you expect:  using two's complement means that ~2 == -3.  There are plenty of good explanations of two's complement online, so I won't go into that question here.

If what you want is just to reverse a string of bits without any interpretation, you can use a function like this:

function bitnot($bin)
 {
   $not = "";
   for ($i = 0; $i < strlen($bin); $i++)
   {
      if($bin[$i] == 0) { $not .= '1'; }
      if($bin[$i] == 1) { $not .= '0'; }
   }
   return $not;
 }

It takes a binary string of any length, reverses the bits, and returns the new string.  You can then treat it as a binary number, use bindec() to turn it into a decimal, or whatever you want.

I hope this helps someone as much as it would have helped me a week ago!

Core Xii (11-Aug-2010 06:24)

Be very careful when XOR-ing strings! If one of the values is empty (0, '', null) the result will also be empty!

<?php
var_dump(1234 ^ 0); // int(1234)
var_dump(1234 ^ ''); // int(1234)
var_dump(1234 ^ null); // int(1234)
var_dump('hello world' ^ 0); // int(0)
var_dump('hello world' ^ ''); // string(0) ""
var_dump('hello world' ^ null); // int(0)
?>

This seems rather inconsistent behavior. An integer XOR'd with zero results the original integer. But a string XOR'd with an empty value results an empty value!

My password hashing function was always returning the same hash... Because I was XOR-ing it with a salt that was sometimes empty!

steffen at NO-SPAM dot haugk dot co dot uk (20-Jul-2010 11:23)

It says above that the effect of
E_ALL & ~E_NOTICE
can also be achieved by
E_ALL ^ E_NOTICE

NB: XOR is not equivalent to AND NOT.

This only works here because E_ALL consists of 1s mostly, with the exception of the bit for E_STRICT.
As E_ALL means all error levels apart from E_STRICT. XORing any error level switches it off, but XORing E_STRICT will switch it on.

E_ALL ^ E_NOTICE : E_NOTICE switched off
E_ALL ^ E_STRICT : E_STRICT switched on

E_ALL & ~E_NOTICE : E_STRICT switched off
E_ALL & ~E_STRICT : E_STRICT remains switched off

Adam (15-May-2010 09:25)

Be careful of order of operations.

for example, you may want to check if the second bit is set:

<?php
if ($x & 2 == 2) {
    /* code */
}
?>

is different than

<?php
if (($x & 2) == 2) {
    /* code */
}
?>

and the latter of the two should be used.

Anonymous (12-Jan-2010 06:18)

Beware that PHP's << and >> operators, unlike the other bitwise operators do not work on ASCII values; << and >> cast their operands to integer (when possible) before shifting and will always return an integer result.

For example:

<?php
$foo = "1"; // chr(49)
var_dump($foo << 1); // Output is int(2)

$foo = "!"; // chr(33)
var_dump($foo << 1); // Output is int(0)
?>

Alex (11-Nov-2009 06:10)

Okay, I'm twelve, and I am new to PHP, but I created the following -simple- functions:
<?php

function Isdec($num) {
if(round($num)==$num) {
return false;
}
else {
return true;
}
}

function decshiftl($number, $amount){
if(Isdec($number)) {
$decimal = substr($number, (strlen($number) - round($number) + 1));
$decimal*=pow(10,strlen($decimal) - 1);
$Shiftl = ($number << $amount) + (($decimal << $amount) / pow(10,strlen($decimal)));
}
else {
$Shiftl = $number << $amount;
}
return $Shiftl;
}

function decshiftr($number, $amount){
if(Isdec($number)) {
$decimal = substr($number, (strlen($number) - round($number) + 1));
$decimal*=pow(10,strlen($decimal) - 1);
$Shiftr = ($number >> $amount) + (($decimal >> $amount) / pow(10,strlen($decimal)));
}
else {
$Shiftr = $number >> $amount;
}
return $Shiftr;
}
?>
Anyway, it's just shoving parameters in to an equation, but sometimes reinventing the wheel and putting rockets on it is a good thing.

zooly at globmi dot com (19-Oct-2009 03:52)

Here is an example for bitwise leftrotate and rightrotate.

Note that this function works only with decimal numbers - other types can be converted with pack().

<?php

function rotate ( $decimal, $bits) {

  $binary = decbin($decimal);

  return (
    bindec(substr($binary, $bits).substr($binary, 0, $bits))
  );

}

// Rotate 124 (1111100) to the left with 1 bits

echo rotate(124, 1);

// = 121 (1111001)

// Rotate 124 (1111100) to the right with 3 bits

echo rotate(124, -3);

// = 79 (1001111)

?>

grayda dot NOSPAM at DONTSPAM dot solidinc dot org (04-Jun-2009 04:48)

Initially, I found bitmasking to be a confusing concept and found no use for it. So I've whipped up this code snippet in case anyone else is confused:

<?php

    // The various details a vehicle can have
    $hasFourWheels = 1;
    $hasTwoWheels  = 2;
    $hasDoors      = 4;
    $hasRedColour  = 8;

    $bike          = $hasTwoWheels;
    $golfBuggy     = $hasFourWheels;
    $ford          = $hasFourWheels | $hasDoors;
    $ferrari       = $hasFourWheels | $hasDoors | $hasRedColour;

    $isBike        = $hasFourWheels & $bike; # False, because $bike doens't have four wheels
    $isGolfBuggy   = $hasFourWheels & $golfBuggy; # True, because $golfBuggy has four wheels
    $isFord        = $hasFourWheels & $ford; # True, because $ford $hasFourWheels

?>

And you can apply this to a lot of things, for example, security:

<?php

    // Security permissions:
    $writePost = 1;
    $readPost = 2;
    $deletePost = 4;
    $addUser = 8;
    $deleteUser = 16;
   
    // User groups:
    $administrator = $writePost | $readPosts | $deletePosts | $addUser | $deleteUser;
    $moderator = $readPost | $deletePost | $deleteUser;
    $writer = $writePost | $readPost;
    $guest = $readPost;

    // function to check for permission
    function checkPermission($user, $permission) {
        if($user & $permission) {
            return true;
        } else {
            return false;
        }
    }

    // Now we apply all of this!
    if(checkPermission($administrator, $deleteUser)) {
        deleteUser("Some User"); # This is executed because $administrator can $deleteUser
    }

?>

Once you get your head around it, it's VERY useful! Just remember to raise each value by the power of two to avoid problems

Silver (13-May-2009 12:36)

Regarding what Bob said about flags, I'd like to point out there's a 100% safe way of defining flags, which is using hexadecimal notation for integers:

<?php
define("f0", 0x1); // 2^0
define("f1", 0x2); // 2^1
define("f2", 0x4); // 2^2
define("f3", 0x8); // 2^3
define("f4", 0x10); // 2^4
define("f5", 0x20); // 2^5
// ...
define("f20", 0x1000000); // 2^20
define("f21", 0x2000000); // 2^21
define("f22", 0x4000000); // 2^22
define("f23", 0x8000000); // 2^23
define("f24", 0x10000000); // 2^24
// ... up to 2^31
?>

I always avoid using decimal notation when I have a large amount of different flags, because it's very easy to misspell numbers like 2^20 (1048576).

Bob (26-Apr-2009 08:19)

Here is an easy way to use bitwise operation for 'flag' functionality.
By this I mean managing a set of options which can either be ON or OFF, where zero or more of these options may be set and each option may only be set once. (If you are familiar with MySQL, think 'set' datatype).
Note: to older programmers, this will be obvious.

Here is the code:
<?php
function set_bitflag(/*variable-length args*/)
{
    $val = 0;
    foreach(func_get_args() as $flag) $val = $val | $flag;
    return $val;
}
function is_bitflag_set($val, $flag)
{
    return (($val & $flag) === $flag);
}
// Define your flags
define('MYFLAGONE', 1); // 0001
define('MYFLAGTWO', 2); // 0010
define('MYFLAGTHREE', 4); // 0100
define('MYFLAGFOUR', 8); // 1000
?>

I should point out: your flags are stored in a single integer. You can store loads of flags in a single integer.

To use my functions, say you wanted to set MYFLAGONE and MYFLAGTHREE, you would use:
<?php
$myflags = set_bitflags(MYFLAGONE, MYFLAGTHREE);
?>
Note: you can pass set_bitflags() as many flags to set as you want.

When you want to test later if a certain flag is set, use e.g.:
<?php
if(is_bitflag_set($myflags, MYFLAGTWO))
{
    echo "MYFLAGTWO is set!";
}
?>

The only tricky part is defining your flags. Here is the process:
1.  Write a list of your flags
2.  Count them
3.  Define the last flag in your list as 1 times 2 to the power of <count> minus one. ( I.E. 1*2^(<count>-1) )
3. Working backwards through your list, from the last to the first, define each one as half of the previous one. You should reach 1 when you get to the first

If you want to understand binary numbers, bits and bitwise operation better, the wikipedia page explains it well - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwise_operation.

cw3theophilus at gmail dot com (15-Apr-2009 10:22)

For those who are looking for a circular bit shift function in PHP (especially useful for cryptographic functions) that works with negtive values, here is a little function I wrote:

(Note: It took me almost a whole day to get this to work with negative $num values (I couldn't figure out why it sometimes worked and other times didn't), because PHP only has an arithmatic and not a logical bitwise right shift like I am used to. I.e. 0x80000001>>16 will ouputs (in binary) "1111 1111 1111 1111 1000 0000 0000 0000" instead of "0000 0000 0000 0000 1000 0000 0000 0000" like you would expect. To fix this you have to apply the mask (by bitwise &) equal to 0x7FFFFFFF right shifted one less than the offset you are shifting by.)

<?php
function circular_shift($num,$offset) { //Do a nondestructive circular bitwise shift, if offset positive shift left, if negative shift right
    $num=(int)$num;
    $mask=0x7fffffff; //Mask to cater for the fact that PHP only does arithmatic right shifts and not logical i.e. PHP doesn't give expected output when right shifting negative values
    if ($offset>0) {
        $num=($num<<$offset%32) | (($num>>(32-$offset%32)) & ($mask>>(31-$offset%32)));
    }
    elseif ($offset<0){
        $offset=abs($offset);
        $num=(($num>>$offset%32) & ($mask>>(-1+$offset%32))) | ($num<<(32-$offset%32));
    }
    return $num;
}
?>

m0sh at hotmail dot com (07-Aug-2008 08:03)

@greenone - nice function, thanks. I've adapted it for key usage:

<?php
function bitxor($str, $key) {
    $xorWidth = PHP_INT_SIZE*8;
    // split
    $o1 = str_split($str, $xorWidth);
    $o2 = str_split(str_pad('', strlen($str), $key), $xorWidth);
    $res = '';
    $runs = count($o1);
    for($i=0;$i<$runs;$i++)
        $res .= decbin(bindec($o1[$i]) ^ bindec($o2[$i]));      
    return $res;
}
?>

bartbons at debster.nl (07-Apr-2008 10:27)

@kendsnyder at gmail dot com

Thanx for your great function. But your function is not 100% correct. It should be:

function safeBitCheck($number,$comparison) {
    if( $number < 2147483647 ) {
        return ($number & $comparison)==$comparison;  
    } else {
        $binNumber = strrev(base_convert($number,10,2));
        $binComparison = strrev(base_convert($comparison,10,2));
        for( $i=0; $i<strlen($binComparison); $i++ ) {
            if( strlen($binNumber) - 1 <$i || ($binComparison{$i}==="1" && $binNumber{$i}==="0") ) {
                return false;  
            }
        }
        return true;
    }
}

Mind the 'minus 1' on "if( strlen($binNumber) - 1 <$i".

cheers, Bart

forlamp at msn dot com (07-Dec-2007 02:35)

two's complement logical operation for 32-bit.

$x must be (int) when passing it to this function to work properly.

function comp2($x)      // 32bit bitwise complement
{
    $mask = 0x80000000;

    if ($x < 0)
    {
        $x &= 0x7FFFFFFF;
        $x = ~$x;

        return $x ^ $mask;
    }
    else
    {
        $x = $x ^ 0x7FFFFFFF;

        return $x | $mask;
    }
}

Visual (20-Jun-2007 02:42)

To perform bitwise operations on floats, or anything for that matter, in the binary representation of your choice, simply use pack() on the data with the appropriate parameters, then you can operate on the resulting strings. in the end just unpack()

gcG (02-Mar-2007 12:23)

function xnor($a, $b) {
    return ~($a ^ $b);
}
XNOR is very usefull ;D

bryanagee at gmail dot com (08-Feb-2007 07:19)

I found the 31-bit limitation on the bitwise ands to be a bit frustrating in large scale permission control applications. I have a situation involving page-level access with more than 50 pages. I was able to workaround the limitation by adding a loop that dropped 31 bits off of the right until the resource identifier bit is within the first 31.

<?php
        $userlevel = $session->userlevel - 0;  # the subtraction ensures int type
        $pg_code = pow(2,($pg_id-1));
       
        while ($pg_code >= 2147483648)  {
                $pg_code =  $pg_code/pow(2,31);
                $userlevel = $session->userlevel/pow(2,31) ;
        }
        if (!($userlevel - 0 & $pg_code)) {
                #if not authorized, show the unauthorized page
                header('Location: Unauthorized.php');
                exit;
        }
?>

zewt at hotmail dot com (12-Jan-2007 07:28)

if you use bitwise you MUST make sure your variables are integers, otherwise you can get incorrect results.

I recommend ALWAYS

(int)$var & (int)$var2

This will save you many headaches when troubleshooting a completely illogical result.

rizal dot almashoor at gmail dot com (14-Nov-2006 12:12)

The following function will perform a 32-bit left shift on a 64-bit machine:

<?php
function leftshift32($number, $steps)
{
    $binary = decbin($number).str_repeat("0", $steps);
    $binary = str_pad($binary, 32, "0", STR_PAD_LEFT);
    $binary = substr($binary, strlen($binary) - 32);
    return $binary{0} == "1" ? -(pow(2, 31) - bindec(substr($binary, 1))) : bindec($binary);
}
?>

Xavier Daull (04-Feb-2006 09:34)

<?php

// Extract part of a binary data - due to windows system limitations (and this code), bit extracted length($firstbit to $lastbit included) is limited to 31 bits
function sub_bindata($mybindata, $firstbit = 7, $lastbit = 0, $highestbitfirst = true)
{
    // 1. Create a bit mask of the right size by triming left and right
    // 2. select bits by an AND on $mybindata
    // 3. shift right to get only length needed
    if($highestbitfirst) return (((0x7FFFFFFF >> (30+$lastbit-$firstbit))<<($lastbit)) & $mybindata) >> ($lastbit);
    else return (((0x7FFFFFFF >> (30-$lastbit+$firstbit))<<(30-$lastbit)) & $mybindata) >> (30-$lastbit);
}

?>

John L (02-Feb-2006 10:11)

Bitwise operators are swell, but (a & b & c & d) == a
is not a way to test for four-way equality. If a is zero, it'll always be true, and in general it will be true any time a has no bits not also in the other three values.

Nina Cording (29-Oct-2005 05:50)

For those who were searching for a way to actually rotate the bits of a number, here are some little functions I wrote:

<?php

function bitRotate32($value,$amount) {
    if ($amount>0) {
        $amount %= 32;
        $value = ($value<<$amount) | ($value>>(32-$amount));
    } elseif ($amount<0) {
        $amount = -$amount%32;
        $value = ($value>>$amount) | ($value<<(32-$amount));
    }
    return $value;
}

function bitRotate($value,$amount,$bits) {
    $mask = ($bits<32) ? 0x7fffffff >> (31-$bits) : 0xffffffff;
    if ($amount>0) {
        $amount %= $bits;
        $value = ($value<<$amount) | ($value>>($bits-$amount));
    } elseif ($amount<0) {
        $amount = -$amount%$bits;
        $value = ($value>>$amount) | ($value<<($bits-$amount));
    }
    return $value & $mask;
}

// test the rotation:

$test = 4123;
for ($i=0; $i<64; $i++) {
    $value = bitRotate($test,-$i,8); // rotates 8 bits to the left (-$amount)
    echo sprintf("%032b<br/>",$value);
}

?>

zlel grxnslxves13 at hotmail dot com~=s/x/ee/g (27-Oct-2005 03:30)

I refer to Eric Swanson's post on Perl VS PHP's implementation of xor.

Actually, this is not an issue with the implementation of XOR,  but a lot more to do with the lose-typing policy that PHP adopts.

Freely switching between int and float is good for most cases, but problems happen when your value is near the word size of your machine. Which is to say, 32-bit machines will encounter problems with values that hover around 0x80000000 - primarily because PHP does not support unsigned integers.

using bindec/decbin would address this issue as a work-around to do unsigned-int xor, but here's the real picture (i'm not claiming that this code will perform better, but this would be a better pedagogical code):

<?php

function unsigned_xor32 ($a, $b)
{
        $a1 = $a & 0x7FFF0000;
        $a2 = $a & 0x0000FFFF;
        $a3 = $a & 0x80000000;
        $b1 = $b & 0x7FFF0000;
        $b2 = $b & 0x0000FFFF;
        $b3 = $b & 0x80000000;

        $c = ($a3 != $b3) ? 0x80000000 : 0;

        return (($a1 ^ $b1) |($a2 ^ $b2)) + $c;
}

$x = 3851235679;
$y = 43814;
echo "<br>This is the value we want";
echo "<br>3851262585";

echo "<br>The result of a native xor operation on integer values is treated as a signed integer";
echo "<br>".($x ^ $y);

echo "<br>We therefore perform the MSB separately";
echo "<br>".unsigned_xor32($x, $y);

?>

This is really foundation stuff, but for those of you who missed this in college, there seems to be something on 2's complement here:

http://www.evergreen.edu/biophysics/technotes/program/2s_comp.htm

zlel (27-Oct-2005 01:22)

Here're my 32-bit carry-discarding operations for those of you porting encryption algorithms from C.

Be warned that some of these are not very efficient compared to the native operations, especially when called by heavy-duty encryption algorithms - but not discarding the carry bit may not land you the same results you get in C, simply because PHP's bitwise operations were not designed to work on fixed-sized registers.

(If your ported encryption algo still doen't give you the same results, remember to check your Endian-ness!)

function _BF_SHR32 ($x, $bits)
{
    if ($bits==0) return $x;
    if ($bits==32) return 0;
    $y = ($x & 0x7FFFFFFF) >> $bits;
    if (0x80000000 & $x) {
        $y |= (1<<(31-$bits));   
    }
    return $y;
}

function _BF_SHL32 ($x, $bits)
{
    if ($bits==0) return $x;
    if ($bits==32) return 0;
    $mask = (1<<(32-$bits)) - 1;
    return (($x & $mask) << $bits) & 0xFFFFFFFF;
}

function _BF_GETBYTE ($x, $y)
{
    return _BF_SHR32 ($x, 8 * $y) & 0xFF;
}

function _BF_OR32 ($x, $y)
{
    return ($x | $y) & 0xFFFFFFFF;
}

function _BF_ADD32 ($x, $y)
{

    $x = $x & 0xFFFFFFFF;
    $y = $y & 0xFFFFFFFF;

    $total = 0;
    $carry = 0;
    for ($i=0; $i<4; $i++) {
        $byte_x = _BF_GETBYTE($x, $i);
        $byte_y = _BF_GETBYTE($y, $i);
        $sum = $byte_x + $byte_y;

        $result = $sum & 0xFF;
        $carryforward = _BF_SHR32($sum, 8);

        $sum = $result + $carry;
        $result = $sum & 0xFF;
        $carry = $carryforward + _BF_SHR32($sum, 8);

        $total = _BF_OR32(_BF_SHL32($result, $i*8), $total);
    }

    return $total;
}

Tbrendstrup (29-Sep-2005 01:23)

note that the shift operators are arithmetic, not logic like in C. You may get unexpected results with negative numbers, see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwise_operation

here's a function to do logic right shifts.

<?php

function lshiftright($var,$amt)
{
    $mask = 0x40000000;
    if($var < 0)
    {
        $var &= 0x7FFFFFFF;
        $mask = $mask >> ($amt-1);
        return ($var >> $amt) | $mask;
    }
    return $var >> $amt;
}

$val = -10;

printf("arithmetic shift on a negative integer<br>%1\$032b<br>%2\$032b<br>%1\$0d<br>%2\$0d<br>",$val, $val >> 1 );

printf("logic shift on a negative integer<br>%1\$032b<br>%2\$032b<br>%1\$0d<br>%2\$0d<br>",$val, lshiftright($val, 1));

printf("logic shift on a positive integer<br>%1\$032b<br>%2\$032b<br>%1\$0d<br>%2\$0d<br>",-$val, lshiftright(-$val, 1));
?>

gives the output:

arithmetic shift on a negative integer
11111111111111111111111111110110
11111111111111111111111111111011
-10
-5

logic shift on a negative integer
11111111111111111111111111110110
01111111111111111111111111111011
-10
2147483643

logic shift on a positive integer
00000000000000000000000000001010
00000000000000000000000000000101
10
5

Eric Swanson (01-Sep-2005 01:19)

Perl vs. PHP implementation of the ^ operator:

After attempting to translate a Perl module into PHP, I realized that Perl's implementation of the ^ operator is different than the PHP implementation.  By default, Perl treats the variables as floats and PHP as integers.  I was able to verify the PHP use of the operator by stating "use integer;" within the Perl module, which output the exact same result as PHP was using.

The logical decision would be to cast every variable as (float) when using the ^ operator in PHP.  However, this will not yield the same results.  After about a half hour of banging my head against the wall, I discovered a gem and wrote a function using the binary-decimal conversions in PHP.

/*
not having much experience with bitwise operations, I cannot tell you that this is the BEST solution, but it certainly is a solution that finally works and always returns the EXACT same result Perl provides.
*/
function binxor($a, $b) {
    return bindec(decbin((float)$a ^ (float)$b));
}

//normal PHP code will not yeild the same result as Perl
$result = 3851235679 ^ 43814; //= -443704711

//to get the same result as Perl
$result = binxor(3851235679, 43814); //= 3851262585
//YIPPEE!!!

//to see the differences, try the following
$a = 3851235679 XOR 43814;
$b = 3851235679 ^ 43814; //integer result
$c = (float)3851235679 ^ (float)43814; //same as $b
$d = binxor(3851235679, 43814); //same as Perl!!

echo("A: $a<br />");
echo("B: $b<br />");
echo("C: $c<br />");
echo("D: $d<br />");

Sb. (19-Apr-2005 03:28)

Another practical case...

<?php
    header('Content-Type: text/plain') ;

    // We want to know the power-2 based numbers of $x
    $x = 9124 ;

    $n = 1 ;
    while ( $x > 0 ) {
        if ( $x & 1 == 1 ) {
            echo $n, "\n" ;
        }
        $n *= 2 ;
        $x >>= 1 ;
    }
   
    // Will output...
    // 4
    // 32
    // 128
    // 256
    // 512
    // 8192
?>

Sb. (04-Mar-2005 11:13)

A bitwise operators practical case :

<?php
    // We want to know the red, green and blue values of this color :
    $color = 0xFEA946 ;

    $red = $color >> 16 ;
    $green = ($color & 0x00FF00) >> 8 ;
    $blue = $color & 0x0000FF ;

    printf('Red : %X (%d), Green : %X (%d), Blue : %X (%d)',
        $red, $red, $green, $green, $blue, $blue) ;

    // Will display...
    // Red : FE (254), Green : A9 (169), Blue : 46 (70)
?>

icy at digitalitcc dot com (24-Feb-2005 07:24)

Say... you really want to have say... more than 31 bits available to you in your happy bitmask. And you don't want to use floats. So, one solution would to have an array of bitmasks, that are accessed through some kind of interface.

Here is my solution for this: A class to store an array of integers being the bitmasks. It can hold up to 66571993087 bits, and frees up unused bitmasks when there are no bits being stored in them.

<?php
/*
    Infinite* bits and bit handling in general.
   
    *Not infinite, sorry.
   
    Perceivably, the only limit to the bitmask class in storing bits would be
    the maximum limit of the index number, on 32 bit integer systems 2^31 - 1,
    so 2^31 * 31 - 1 = 66571993087 bits, assuming floats are 64 bit or something.
    I'm sure that's enough enough bits for anything.. I hope :D.
*/

DEFINE('INTEGER_LENGTH',31); // Stupid signed bit.

class bitmask
{
    protected $bitmask = array();
   
    public function set( $bit ) // Set some bit
    {
        $key = (int) ($bit / INTEGER_LENGTH);
        $bit = (int) fmod($bit,INTEGER_LENGTH);
        $this->bitmask[$key] |= 1 << $bit;
    }
   
    public function remove( $bit ) // Remove some bit
    {
        $key = (int) ($bit / INTEGER_LENGTH);
        $bit = (int) fmod($bit,INTEGER_LENGTH);
        $this->bitmask[$key] &= ~ (1 << $bit);
        if(!$this->bitmask[$key])
            unset($this->bitmask[$key]);
    }
   
    public function toggle( $bit ) // Toggle some bit
    {
        $key = (int) ($bit / INTEGER_LENGTH);
        $bit = (int) fmod($bit,INTEGER_LENGTH);
        $this->bitmask[$key] ^= 1 << $bit;
        if(!$this->bitmask[$key])
            unset($this->bitmask[$key]);
    }
   
    public function read( $bit ) // Read some bit
    {
        $key = (int) ($bit / INTEGER_LENGTH);
        $bit = (int) fmod($bit,INTEGER_LENGTH);
        return $this->bitmask[$key] & (1 << $bit);
    }

    public function stringin($string) // Read a string of bits that can be up to the maximum amount of bits long.
    {
        $this->bitmask = array();
        $array = str_split( strrev($string), INTEGER_LENGTH );
        foreach( $array as $key => $value )
        {
            if($value = bindec(strrev($value)))
                $this->bitmask[$key] = $value;
        }
    }

    public function stringout() // Print out a string of your nice little bits
    {
        $string = "";

        $keys = array_keys($this->bitmask);
        sort($keys, SORT_NUMERIC);

        for($i = array_pop($keys);$i >= 0;$i--)
        {
            if($this->bitmask[$i])
                $string .= sprintf("%0" . INTEGER_LENGTH . "b",$this->bitmask[$i]);
        }
        return $string;
    }
   
    public function clear() // Purge!
    {
        $this->bitmask = array();
    }
   
    public function debug() // See what's going on in your bitmask array
    {
        var_dump($this->bitmask);
    }
}
?>

It treats a positive integer input as a bit, so you don't have to deal with the powers of 2 yourself.

<?php
$bitmask = new bitmask();

$bitmask->set(8979879); // Whatever

$bitmask->set(888);

if($bitmask->read(888))
    print 'Happy!\n';

$bitmask->toggle(39393); // Yadda yadda

$bitmask->remove(888);

$bitmask->debug();

$bitmask->stringin("100101000101001000101010010101010
00000001000001");

print $bitmask->stringout() . "\n";

$bitmask->debug();

$bitmask->clear();

$bitmask->debug();
?>

Would produce:

Happy!

array(2) {
  [289673]=>
  int(65536)
  [1270]=>
  int(8388608)
}

0000000000000001001010001010010001010100101010100
0000001000001

array(2) {
  [0]=>
  int(355106881)
  [1]=>
  int(37970)
}

array(0) {
}

louis /at/ mulliemedia.com (20-Jan-2005 10:12)

Note that the ^ operator, unlike in some other languages, is *not* the same as the pow() function.

richard-slater.co.uk (22-Feb-2004 09:07)

For those (like me) who are trying to do bit masking with very large numbers, here is a useful function to do the work for you.

<?php
  function isBitSet($bitMask, $bitMap)
  {
    return (bool) gmp_intval(gmp_div(gmp_and($bitMask, $bitMap),$bitMask));
  }
?>

krang at krang dot org dot uk (04-Dec-2003 10:30)

Hopefully this may help someone understand the fun of Bitwise Operators....

The purpose of this function is to return a value from the GPC (Get, Post and Cookie) and do some basic formatting to it depending on the $VALIDATION value:

<?PHP

  function RETURN_SUBMITTED_VALUE ($VARIABLE, $METHOD, $VALIDATION) {

   //-------------------------------
   // Get the value from the
   // relevant submit method...

       if ($METHOD == 'POST') {
         if (!isset($_POST[$VARIABLE])) $_POST[$VARIABLE] = '';
         $VALUE = $_POST[$VARIABLE];

       } elseif ($METHOD == 'COOKIE') {
         if (!isset($_COOKIE[$VARIABLE])) $_COOKIE[$VARIABLE] = '';
         $VALUE = $_COOKIE[$VARIABLE];

       } else {
         if (!isset($_GET[$VARIABLE])) $_GET[$VARIABLE] = '';
         $VALUE = $_GET[$VARIABLE];
       }

   //-------------------------------
   // If necessary strip the slashes.
   // the "GPC" means - GET, POST
   // COOKIE.

       if (ini_get ('magic_quotes_gpc') == true) {
         $VALUE = stripslashes($VALUE);
       }

   //-------------------------------
   // Now for the different types
   // of VALIDATION's

       if (($VALIDATION & 8) == 8) {
         $VALUE = (int)$VALUE;
       }

       if (($VALIDATION & 4) == 4) {
         $VALUE = strtolower($VALUE);
       }

       if (($VALIDATION & 2) == 2) {
         $VALUE = strip_tags($VALUE);
       }

       if (($VALIDATION & 1) == 1) {
         $VALUE = trim($VALUE);
       }

   //-------------------------------
   // Finally return the value

       return $VALUE;

  }

  echo RETURN_SUBMITTED_VALUE ('ID', 'GET', 8) . '<br />';
   // Convert to an Integer

  echo RETURN_SUBMITTED_VALUE ('NAME', 'GET', 3) . '<br />';
   // Trim Whitespace and Strip HTML tags

  echo RETURN_SUBMITTED_VALUE ('GENDER', 'GET', 6) . '<br />';
   // Strip HTML tags and convert to lower case

  //-----------------------------------------------
  // If this script was loaded under the URL
  // index.php?ID=19a&NAME=Krang&GENDER=MalE
  // it would print
  //
  // 19
  // Krang
  // male
  //-----------------------------------------------

?>

For those that dont understand binary, the numbers you see are not random, they double each time (1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512, 1024...) which allows you to mix and match the different function, eg...

1 + 2 = 3 (Trim Whitespace + Strip HTML)
2 + 4 = 6 (Strip HTML + Convert to lower case)